Core Reading:
Deringil, Selim. “The Invention of Tradition as Public Image in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1808 to 1908.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 35, no. 1, 1993, pp. 3–29
http://www.jstor.org/stable/179114.
Further Reading:
Buzpinar, Ş. Tufan. “Opposition to the Ottoman Caliphate in the Early Years of Abdülhamid II: 1877-1882.” Die Welt Des Islams, vol. 36, no. 1, 1996, pp. 59–89.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3693438.
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