22 August 2026

Summa Contra Gentiles, Book II: LXI Averroes Opinion Rebuked by Aristotle

From Contemplating History


Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 7 March 1274), was a Doctor of the Church, Philosopher, Theologian, Jurist, Dominican Friar, and Priest. Known as Doctor Angelicus "Angelic Doctor," and the Doctor Communis "Universal Doctor" his writings serve as a defense and proof of the validity of Christ's authority over all. The Summa contra Gentiles (also known as Liber de veritate catholicae fidei contra errores infidelium, "Book on the truth of the Catholic faith against the errors of the unbelievers"). The Summa contra Gentiles consists of four books. The structure of Saint Thomas's work is designed to proceed from general philosophical arguments for monotheism, to which Muslims and Jews are likely to consent even within their own respective religious traditions, before progressing to the discussion of specifically Christian doctrine.

Book II is dedicated to the Creation (in other words, the physical universe, everything which exists). Whether you are a history enthusiast, a student of religion, or simply curious about the impact of the Roman Catholic Church on the world, this playlist is designed to provide an informative and engaging journey through its captivating past. Subscribe to the Contemplating History channel for more educational content and immerse yourself in the rich tapestry of history.

Terrence Deacon - Philosophy of Transhumanism & Artificial Intelligence

From Closer To Truth, a secular source.


Humanity’s future is now framed by artificial intelligence (AI) and increasing interventions in the human body to cure and to enhance, i.e., transhumanism. Considering the stakes and the dangers, a philosophical perspective is imperative.

The Holy Rosary

Saturday, the Glorious Mysteries, in Latin with Cardinal Burke.

Anne Boleyn’s Execution Outfit | How To Dress for Death in Tudor England

From History Calling


ANNE BOLEYN’S APPEARANCE on the day she died, specifically what she chose to be her clothes to die in, was carefully choreographed for there was a set of rules governing how to dress for death in Tudor England if one was a member of the elite and about to be executed. In this six wives documentary from History Calling, we’ll use this execution of a queen (which was also one of the most famous executions in history) as a case study to look at how historical fashions were adapted during the Tudor period if one was of high social rank and on the way to the scaffold. We’ll think about how clothing was used to communicate to spectators and why Anne made particular choices about what colours and fabrics to wear, the neckline of her dress and the unexpected style of her hood. I’ll also share with you how some other execution victims chose to dress for their final appearance in this world and what happened to an execution victim’s clothes after they died. We’ll see how early drawings of Anne Boleyn’s final moments got her outfit wrong and use a history versus Hollywood approach to see which depiction of Anne Boleyn's execution on screen has provided the best recreation of her outfit. Henry VIII’s second wife (and the mother of Elizabeth I) has always been famous for her fashion sense and her understanding of how to make a statement with clothing carried on right up until her dying breath.

CRISPR and Genetic Engineering: The Science and Its Implications Nicanor Austriaco, PhD, MDiv, STL, OP (Providence College)

From The Society of Catholic Scientists

This Priest Was Poland’s First Martyr of Communism

He may have been Poland's first martyr under the Reds, but he wasn't the first they killed in odium fidei, nor the last in Poland. Bld Jerzy Popiełuszko comes to mind.


From 
Aleteia

By Philip Kosloski

Bld Władysław Findysz was the first priest to be labelled a "martyr" of the communist regime that ruled Poland. He was killed August 21, 1964.

Polish Catholics suffered much in the 20th century, with their country first being occupied by Nazis, and then being ruled by a communist regime for many decades.

Catholics were severely persecuted during this time and as a result, there were many martyrs who were either imprisoned or immediately killed because of their vocal support of the Catholic faith.

Each year the Catholic Church seems to beatify or canonize another individual who fits that description, but it all started with one Polish priest's beatification in 2005.

Bl. Władysław Findysz

Born in in 1907 in Krościenko Niżne, a small village in Southern Poland, Władysław experienced great tragedy at an early age, losing his mother when he was five years old.

This was then followed by World War I and World War II. Essentially most of his youth was spent in one of the most war-torn regions of the world in the early 20th century.

Despite such obstacles, Władysław discerned a call to the priesthood and was ordained on June 19, 1932. He ministered to a variety of parishes, always sowing unity and hope wherever he was assigned.

After World War II, it didn't take long for Władysław to be put under surveillance by the communist regime. He was eventually suspended from teaching catechism classes and restricted in his travel.

Once the Second Vatican Council was initiated, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński organized a, "Council Act of Goodness" program in Poland to spiritually support the work of the Council Fathers.

According to VaticanNews, the bishops of Poland wrote at the time, "The spirit of forgiveness, reconciliation and harmony, the pardoning of your grievances, whether real or imagined, a brotherly hand extended in friendship, a smile and a kindly look towards everyone — this is the best and most effective form of help for the unity of Christians."

The program essentially promoted acts of kindness towards everyone, especially among Christians of differing denominations. the goal was to promote spiritual unity as much as possible.

Władysław was a big proponent of this movement and spoke about it quite often in his homilies and letters to parishioners.

In 1963, Władysław was again targeted by the communist government and imprisoned for several months for his promotion of the Catholic faith.

By 1964 Władysław was severly malnourished and was released due to poor health. This led directly to his death on August 21, 1964.

Papal praise

His feast is celebrated in Poland on August 23 and Pope Leo XIV spoke about him in a recent general audience:

I extend a warm greeting to the Polish people! August 23 marks the European Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Stalinism and Nazism. On this day, the liturgy commemorates Władysław Findysz, a priest and the first Pole to be beatified as a martyr of communist persecution. During the Second Vatican Council, he provided spiritual support for its deliberations, engaging the faithful in the “Conciliar Act of Kindness” through works of love and moral renewal. May his witness remind us that a civilization of love is built by forgiving and overcoming evil with good. I bless you all!

Władysław remains a powerful example of heroic charity, willing to do whatever it takes to remain faithful to Jesus Christ and his Church, even in the midst of persecution.

Conservative Cardinals Beg Leo To Restore the TLM

Pope Leo Calls For The Ecological Conversion Of Catholicism

Francis 2.0!


Leo is continuing Francis' so-called reforms of the Church. But sure, keep believing that he's a clean break from his predecessor and is undoing his program.

Traditional Catholic Morning Prayers in English | August


Traditional Catholic morning prayers to help start your day in a godly way! The month of August is dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. I hope these prayers increase your devotion to the Immaculate Heart of Mary this month and draw you closer to her Divine Son, Jesus Christ. Begin each day with morning prayer! This video is a compilation of many traditional evening prayers Catholics say, and should not be considered a replacement for those who have an obligation to pray the Divine Office evening prayers.

Dangerous People You Meet on a Medieval Road

From Modern History TV


Jason Kingsley, OBE, the Modern Knight, discusses dangerous people you might meet whilst travelling on a medieval road. Robbers, criminals, outlaws, desperate men, even a medieval army on the march. The medieval road could be a dangerous place. Travellers could encounter far more than mud, bad weather and broken bridges. Outlaws, highway robbers, bandits, deserters, mercenaries, marauding soldiers and even entire armies on the march. In this episode, we look at some of the bad people you might meet on a medieval road, and what made medieval travel so dangerous. From ordinary criminals and professional robbers to outlaw gangs, displaced soldiers and armies devastating the countryside, the dangers of the medieval road could come from almost anywhere. What happened if you were attacked by highwaymen? Who became an outlaw? Were medieval bandits really the romantic figures later stories make them out to be? And what was it like when an army passed through your neighbourhood? Using historical evidence and a bit of experimental archaeology, we explore the darker side of medieval travel, medieval crime, highway robbery, outlaws, bandits and warfare in medieval England. This is the medieval world as it might actually have felt to the people living in it.

Neuroscience Confirms: This Ancient Christian Behaviour Quickly Rewires Your Brain

From Totus Mind


You don't have a willpower problem. You have a wiring problem. Neuroscience and the ancient church agree on how to rewire your brain and renew your mind, and the monks solved it more than a thousand years before the first brain scan. After hundreds of hours buried in both the brain imaging research and the writings of the desert monks, I kept landing in the same place: they are describing the same event. By the end of this video you'll know the one daily habit that actually rebuilds a scattered, anxious, compulsive mind, and why it is not the shift you'd guess. "Renew the whole mind." (Gentle note: if you are wrestling with real anxiety, depression, or compulsion, nothing here is medical advice. Please walk it alongside a doctor, counselor, or pastor.) In this video: • Why willpower fixes the symptom, not the structural root, and keeps failing you • What the "default mode network" is, and how repeated focused attention wears a new trail • The neuroscience: 8 weeks to a measurably changed brain, and the first effects in just 5 days • How Romans, the Psalms, and the desert fathers describe neuroplasticity 16 centuries early • The five movements (withdraw, anchor, watch, return, reorder) and your simple 30 day practice ⏱ CHAPTERS 0:00 Intro: a wiring problem, not a willpower problem 1:16 Why willpower keeps failing (the structural root) 2:05 The neuroscience proof: 8 weeks and 5 days 3:22 Why knowing the science changes nothing on its own 3:46 What Scripture said first: the renewing of the mind 5:13 The ancient habit and the five movements 8:00 Your 30 day practice and why it matters 📖 SCRIPTURE REFERENCED • Romans 12:2: do not be conformed, but be transformed (metamorphoo) by the renewing of your mind, present continuous, day after day. • Psalm 46:10: "Be still (Hebrew rapha: sink down, cease striving) and know that I am God." • 1 Thessalonians 5:17: "Pray without ceasing," understood by the desert tradition as constantly returning. • 2 Corinthians 10:5: "Take every thought captive," watch it, name it, refuse to chase it. 🧠 THE SCIENCE • Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging (2011), Harvard team: 8 weeks of daily meditation in ordinary beginners grew the brain's memory center, and the biggest stress drops tracked with measurable shrinkage in the brain's fear and stress alarm. • PNAS (2007): just 5 days of focused attention practice was linked to better attention and calm than a matched relaxation group. • European Journal of Social Psychology (2010): a new behavior takes on average about 66 days to become automatic, not the 21 the internet repeats. (Note: these are studies of meditation, not Christian prayer. They capture the underlying mechanism, a brain rewiring through repeated focused attention, which is the engine prayer has run for 16 centuries.) ⛪ FROM THE CHURCH FATHERS • John Cassian (early 5th century): recorded the teaching of the desert elder Abba Isaac, to pray one short sacred sentence ceaselessly and continuously. • Abba Isaac: the anchor phrase "O God, come to my assistance," still the opening words monks pray every day. • Evagrius of Pontus (4th century): catalogued the intrusive thoughts (logismoi) that ambush a quiet mind, what neuroscience now calls metacognition. • Augustine: "My weight is my love." Whatever you keep turning toward is what your mind gets rebuilt to want.

Mary’s Immaculate Heart, the Door of Mercy

In the words of St Louis Marie de Montfort: We never give more honour to Jesus than when we honour his Mother, and we honour her simply and solely to honour him all the more perfectly. We go to her only as a way leading to the goal we seek - Jesus, her Son.


From 
Aleteia

By Joanne McPortland

We do not consecrate ourselves to Mary’s heart, but through it

For 12 years of Catholic school, I began every day the same way.

O Jesus, through the Immaculate Heart of Mary,
I offer you all the prayers, works, joys, and sufferings of this day.
In union with the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass throughout the world,
I offer them for all the intentions of your Sacred Heart:
for the salvation of souls, in reparation for my sins,
and in particular for the intentions of our Holy Father the Pope.

That about covers it, really. And looking back, I see that there is no better way to aim a day, or a life, than “to Jesus, through the Immaculate Heart of Mary.”

Today the Church celebrates the Memorial of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, a feast long twinned with – though lesser known than – the Solemnity of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, which we observed yesterday. What does it mean to honor the Immaculate Heart of Mary – and why do we talk about Mary’s heart as though it were a doorway or a gate to go through?

When we speak of the Immaculate (meaning “unstained, sinless”) Heart of Mary, we refer both to her human heart, the organ of the body symbolizing love and devotion, and her spiritual heart, the unmatched love and devotion for her Son that we are called to emulate.

In the Gospel of Luke, Mary’s heart is three times the focus of significance. At the Presentation of Jesus in the Temple, the prophet Simeon tells Mary that her own heart will be pierced by her Son’s redemptive suffering (Luke 2:35). After the visit of the shepherds (Luke 2:19), and later after losing and finding the young Jesus in the Temple, Mary returns home to “ponder all these things in her heart” (Luke 2:51).

Mary’s heart, then, is a storehouse of the graces of salvation (“all these things”) her Son came to bestow. For nine months the Lord of the Universe nestled beneath Mary’s heart, his life sustained by her heartbeat. As Jesus gave that life for us, Mary’s heart absorbed each wound and insult of an ungrateful world, and her love turned the crown of thorns to roses.

Flames, a Sword, Roses

The iconography of the Immaculate Heart, like that of Jesus’ Sacred Heart, reflects the signature qualities of this devotion. The Immaculate Heart of Mary is shown as a human heart crowned with flame, symbolizing both the intensity of Mary’s love for God and for each of us and the presence in her of the Holy Spirit, conferred in tongues of flame at Pentecost. The heart is pierced by a sword, in reference to Simeon’s words but also as a reminder that Mary suffers with her Son and with us. In many representations, Mary’s Immaculate Heart is wreathed with roses, in reference to the Rosary and to the sweetness of her maternal care.

You are probably already familiar with the image of Mary’s Immaculate Heart. Representations of Our Lady of Fatima as she was described by the three children show her pointing to her heart. On the reverse of the Miraculous Medal designed by St Catherine Labouré, Mary’s Immaculate Heart is shown next to the Sacred Heart, under the cross-topped M that is Mary’s initial.

The apparitions at Fatima, where Mary asked that the world be consecrated to her Immaculate Heart, have made this devotion familiar in our day, but it goes back almost to the beginnings of the Church. I owe my own devotion to Mary’s Immaculate Heart to 19th-century Spanish Jesuits, who inspired the foundation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, among the first religious communities to open schools in California’s mission territory.

The IHMs taught me that Morning Offering, and my first sight of the Immaculate Heart was the silver pin each sister wore on the scapular of her habit. Since 1906, the graduates of Immaculate Heart High School in Hollywood – we “Women of Great Heart” – have worn that image on their class rings. (America’s Top Model host Tyra Banks, an alumna, still wears hers; one of the biggest regrets of my life was having had to sell mine, when gold was high and my fortunes very low, to buy cat food.)

The Door of Mercy

We do not consecrate ourselves, or offer our day, or sing our hymns to that heart, but through it. Mary’s Immaculate Heart is a door, a gateway always open to us, through which we enter and draw as near to Jesus as a mother’s embrace, and through which flows out to us the unceasing tide of God’s mercy.

And so we pray, with Mother Teresa of Calcutta:

“Mary, give me your Heart: so beautiful, so pure, so immaculate; your Heart so full of love and humility that I may be able to receive Jesus in the Bread of Life and love Him as you love Him and serve Him in the distressing guise of the poor.”

And with Pope John Paul II:

“Immaculate Heart of Mary … Let there be revealed once more in the history of the world the infinite saving power of the redemption: the power of merciful love. May it put a stop to evil. May it transform consciences. May your Immaculate Heart reveal for all the light of hope.”

And with St. Francis of Assisi:

“Immaculate Heart of Mary, Cause of Our Joy, pray for us!”

St Louis Marie de Montfort: True Devotion to Mary

From The Conor Gallagher Show


Who was St. Louis de Montfort - the saint whose teachings on Mary have profoundly impacted saints and popes for centuries? Scott Smith joins Conor to explore this great saint’s life and spirituality, his devotion to the Rosary, his works True Devotion to Mary and The Secret of the Rosary, and his profound teaching on Total Consecration to Jesus through Mary. Discover why St. Louis de Montfort called Mary the sure and easy way to Jesus—and why his Marian spirituality matters for you today.

Consecration To the Sacred Heart of Jesus & the Immaculate Heart of Mary


Since today is the Feast of the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary, it's a good time to renew your consecration to the Sacred Hearts of Jesus & the Immaculate Heart of Mary.

Hail, O most loving Hearts of Jesus and Mary. We venerate You. We love and honour You. We give and consecrate ourselves to You forever. Receive us and possess us entirely. Purify, enlighten and sanctify us so that we may love Thee, Jesus, with the heart of Mary, and love Thee Mary, with the Heart of Jesus.

O Heart of Jesus living in Mary and by Mary. O heart of Mary living in Jesus and for Jesus. O Heart of Jesus pierced for our sins and giving us Thy Mother on Calvary. O heart of Mary pierced by sorrow and sharing in the sufferings of Thy Divine Son for our redemption. O sacred union of these Two Hearts!

Praised be God the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
Praised be the Holy Spirit of God Who united these Two Hearts together.

May He unite our hearts and every heart, so that all hearts may live in unity, in imitation of the sacred unity that exists in these Two Hearts.

Triumph, O Sorrowful and Immaculate Heart of Mary! Reign O Most Sacred Heart of Jesus! In our hearts, in our homes and families, in Thy Church, in the lives of the faithful, in the hearts of those who don’t know You, and in all nations. Establish in the hearts of all mankind the sovereign triumph and reign of Your Two Hearts so that earth may resound from pole to pole with one cry “Blessed be forever the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus and the Sorrowful and Immaculate Heart of Mary!”

O dearest St.Joseph, we entrust ourselves to thy honour and give ourselves to thee that thou mayest always be our father, our protector, and our guide in the way to salvation. Obtain for us a greater purity of heart and a fervent love of the interior life. After thine example, may we do all our actions for the greater glory of God in union with the Divine Heart of Jesus and the Immaculate Heart of Mary. O blessed St.Joseph, pray for us that we may share in the peace and joy of thy holy death. Amen.

St James the Great, Patron of Spain

Santiago Matamoros, St James the Moor Slayer (St James the Great) is one of the Patrons of this blog nd one of my favourite Saints.

From One Peter Five

By Charles Coulombe, STM, KCSS


The pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela is one of the very best known in the Catholic world – and indeed, a great many non-Catholics take part in it.  The many “routes of St. James” which bring pilgrims from every corner of the Continent to the green and Celtic hills of Spanish Galicia are such an important part of European culture that they been collectively dubbed “heritage routes” under the Council of Europe’s preservation program of that name.  But all of that apparatus finds its origin in the life of St. James the Great – one of the Twelve, and brother of “the Disciple that Jesus loved.”

St. James the Great (died c. 44) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus.  He was the second of the apostles to die, after Judas, and the first martyred.  Son with St. John of Zebedee and Salome, a sister of Mary (mother of Jesus), he and St. John were thus cousins of Jesus.  James is called the “Great” or “Greater” to distinguish him from St. James the “Less” or “Lesser,” with “great” meaning older or taller, rather than more important.  He was one of the first Apostles to join Jesus.  The Synoptic Gospels show James and John getting ready to fish with their father by the seashore when called by Jesus to follow Him.

St. James, along with Ss. John and Peter, were the only apostles present at the raising of Jairus’ daughter, the Transfiguration of Jesus, and the Agony in the Garden.  Their mother asked Jesus to grant them seats on His right and left when He came into His glory.  Jesus asked if they were ready to drink from the cup he was going to drink from, saying the honour was not His to grant.  The “Sons of Thunder” wanted to call down fire on a Samaritan town, but Jesus rebuked them.

After Pentecost, St. James first went to Sardinia.  He then disembarked at Cartagena and began his mission in Spain.  Passing through different places in the province of Hispania Tarraconensis, he stopped in Braga.  There he preached and a Jewish disciple, Peter of Brates, to continue his work.  But despite covering most of the country, very few responded to his preaching.  Dejected, he was about ready to give up.

But on January 2, 40 A.D., the still-living Virgin Mary appeared to James upon a pillar on the bank of the Ebro River at Zaragoza.  This was not only the first Marian apparition in the history of the Church; it was the first example of that rare but far from unknown phenomenon which has continued down to our own time: bilocation of a living person.  While living with James’ brother John in Ephesus, she nevertheless was able to appear to James and assure his that his work would eventually bear fruit after his time, and that Spain would be a great Catholic nation.  The pillar is venerated in the present Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar.  She is considered the patroness of all the Hispanic Nations under that title – and “Pilar” is still a popular girl’s name in those countries.  October 12 was chosen as the feast day commemorating the miracle.  As it was also the day that Columbus promised his crew that they would return to Spain if they did not find land by, it is also Columbus Day (“Why Columbus Day Matters to the Blessed Virgin Mary“).

In any case, the following year, St James returned to Judaea as did all the other Apostles to attend the death of the Blessed Virgin Mary, whom St. John had brought back to Jerusalem at her wish.  All had arrived save St. Thomas, who had to return from India.  When he finally arrived, he asked that her tomb be opened, so he could see her one last time.  It was empty.  They realised that she had been bodily assumed into Heaven.

But this last brush with the miraculous was the prelude to St. James’ own martyrdom.  In the Acts of the Apostles, we see that “Herod the king” (Herod Agrippa) had him executed “by the sword.”  The site of this martyrdom is within the Armenian Apostolic Cathedral of St. James in Jerusalem’s Armenian Quarter.  The Chapel of Saint James the Great, located to the left of the sanctuary, is where the deed was done; his head is buried under the altar, marked by a piece of red marble and surrounded by six votive lamps.

The translation of his relics from Judaea to Galicia in the northwest of Hispania happened through a number of miraculous events.  First, his decapitated body was taken up by angels; it sailed in a rudderless, crewless boat to Iria Flavia in Spain.  There a massive rock closed around his body.  His disciples from his previous trip to Spain, Theodore and Athanasius, arrived there.  Approaching the local native Queen, Lupa, they asked her to give them a place to St. James’ body.  She decided to trick the disciples and sent them to the governor of Duio – intending to have them killed.  Sensing a trap, they eluded the governor and returned to the queen.  Lupa tried deceiving them once more, sending them to Pico Sacro (the Sacred Peak) to collect two of her oxen.  These she claimed were essential, as they would carry the necessary material to build the tomb.  The queen left out the fact that the mountain had a cave which was the entrance to hell, being guarded by a dragon.  But the presence of the holy cross protected the disciples from harm, taming the bulls.  Seeing all of this, Lupa converts to Christianity, helping the two disciples build the apostle’s tomb in the forest of Libredon.  This was located at what is now the Oak grove of Santa Susana, now part of the Parque da Alameda de Santiago de Compostela.  When Theodore and Athanasius died in their turn, they were laid beside their master.

But the subsequent Suevian, Visigothic, and Muslim invasions led to the location of the tomb of St. James being forgotten.  It was not rediscovered until the 9th century.  Pelagius (Pelayo) the Hermit saw mysterious lights illuminating the forest.  He advised Theodemir, bishop of Iria Flavia, who returned with him to investigate.  They discovered small chapel with an altar and a crypt.  Therein were three tombs, that of St. James and his two disciples.  The bishop in turn informed Alfonso II, “the Chaste,” the King of Galicia.  He in turn travelled from Oviedo along the Camino Primitivo, to verify that the bones were those of the Apostle were those of the apostle; he then ordered the construction of a chapel on the site.

But the Moors surrounded the little Kingdom of Galica and Asturias, cutting it – and the tomb of “Santiago” (Iago is an old Spanish version of James from the Latin Jacobus; in modern Spanish it is Jaime) – off from the rest of Christendom.  But help was en route.  Alfonso was acknowledged as king by Charlemagne and the Pope, and Asturias as a kingdom for the first time in the Royal Frankish Annals.  Then Alfonso showed an interest in the cult of St. Martin of Tours, and he encouraged Carolingian Church influence in Asturias.  For his part Charlemagne was visited in a dream by St. James.  His nocturnal visitant urged him to free the tomb from the Saracens who held the road to his tomb.  St. James advised the Emperor to follow the course of the stars of the Milky Way to its end in Galicia.  There he would find the tomb.  Charlemagne set out for Spain.  The army took the road over the Pyrenees and besieged the Moorish town of Pamplona.  The thunder of Frankish trumpets caused the walls of the city to crumble.  The Emperor, his twelve Paladins, and his army liberated the road to the tomb, and Bl. Charlemagne constructed another, more elaborate church above it.  But because of Charlemagne’s dream regarding the Milky Way, the place has been called Compostela, – “Field of Stars,” ever since.

But the native Christians were not idle.  On May of 844, Christian forces led by King Ramiro I of Asturias and Galicia and General Sancho Fernández de Tejada went in search of the Muslims commanded by Abd ar-Rahman II.  Reaching Nájera and Albelda they were surrounded by a large Arab army made up of troops from the peninsula and Morocco.  Ramiro, Tejada, and their men took refuge in the Clavijo castle at Monte Laturce.  The King had a dream in which the apostle appeared, promising victory.  The next day, May 23, 844, the armies of Ramiro I faced the Muslim army. St. James appeared on a white charger in the sky; the Muslims fled.  After the victory, in honour of Santiago Matamoros (“Santiago the Moor Killer”), Ramiro ordered the construction of the Church of the Blessed Santiago.  He granted Sancho certain privileges in addition to the surname Tejada in memory of the branch of a yew tree that he used as a weapon after his spear was broken in combat.

On May 25 in the city of Calahorra, Ramiro dictated the vow of Santiago, committing all Spanish  to make a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela on the way of Saint James.  ¡Santiago, y cierra, España! (“St. James and strike for Spain”) was the traditional battle cry of medieval Spanish armies, like the French Montjoie Saint Denis!  He became the patron first of the Reconquista against the Moors, and then of the battles with pagan Indians in the Spanish Americas – although Christianised Indians enthusiastically embraced him after their conversion.  Not too surprisingly, a Military Order of Knights, the Order of Santiago, was founded to prosecute the war – and survives to-day in two branches – Spanish and Portuguese.

Dom Guéranger describes St. James in his usual eloquent manner:

Nearly eight centuries, which to the heavenly citizens are but as a day, had passed over that tomb in the North of Spain, where two disciples had secretly laid the Apostle’s body. During that time, the land of his inheritance, which he had so rapidly traversed, had been overrun first by Roman idolaters, then by Arian barbarians, and when the day of hope seemed about to dawn, a deeper night was ushered in by the Crescent. One day lights were seen glimmering over the briars that covered the neglected monument; attention was drawn to the spot, which henceforth went by the name of the field of stars. But what are those sudden shouts coming down from the mountains and echoing through the valleys? Who is this unknown chief rallying against an immense army the little worn-out troop whose heroic valor could not yesterday save it from defeat? Swift as lightning, and bearing in one hand a white standard with a red cross, he rushes with drawn sword upon the panic-stricken foe, and dyes the feet of his charger in the blood of 70,000 slain. Hail to the chief of the holy war, of which we have so often made mention! Saint James! Saint James! Forward, Spain! It is the reappearance of the Galilæan Fisherman, whom the Man-God once called from the barque where he was mending his nets; of the elder son of thunder, now free to hurl the thunderbolt upon these new Samaritans, who pretend to honor the unity of God by making Christ no more than a prophet. Henceforth, James shall be to Christian Spain the firebrand which the Prophet saw, devouring all the people round about, to the right hand and to the left, until Jerusalem shall be inhabited again in her own place in Jerusalem.

And when, after six centuries and a half of struggle, his standard bearers, the Catholic kings, had succeeded in driving the infidel hordes beyond the seas, the valiant leader of the Spanish armies laid aside his bright armor, and the slayer of Moors became once more a messenger of the faith. As fisher of men, he entered his barque, and gathering around it the gallant fleets of a Christopher Columbus, a Vasco di Gama, an Albuquerque, he led them over unknown seas to lands that had never yet heard the name of the Lord. For his contribution to the labors of the twelve, James drew ashore his well-filled nets from West and East and South, from new worlds, renewing Peter’s astonishment at the sight of such captures. He, whose apostolate seemed at the time of Herod III, to have been crushed in the bud before bearing any fruit, may say with St. Paul: I have no way come short of them that are above measure Apostles, for by the grace of God I have labored more abundantly than all they.

He concludes his consideration of St. James with this prayer:

Patron of Spain, forget not the grand nation which owes to thee both its heavenly nobility and its earthly prosperity; preserve it from ever diminishing those truths which made it, in its bright days, the salt of the earth; keep it in mind of the terrible warning that if the salt lose its savor, it is good for nothing any more but to be cast out and to be trodden on by men. At the same time remember, O Apostle, the special cultus wherewith the whole Church honors thee. Does she not to this very day keep under the immediate protection of the Roman Pontiff both thy sacred body, so happily rediscovered, and the vow of going on pilgrimage to venerate those precious relics?

Where now are the days when thy wonderful energy of expansion abroad was surpassed by thy power of drawing all to thyself? Who but he that numbers the stars of the firmament could count the Saints, the penitents, the kings, the warriors, the unknown of every grade, the ever-renewed multitude, ceaselessly moving to and from that field of stars, whence thou didst shed thy light upon the world? Our ancient legends tell us of a mysterious vision granted to the founder of Christian Europe. One evening after a day of toil, Charlemagne, standing on the shore of the Frisian Sea, beheld a long belt of stars, which seemed to divide the sky between Gaul, Germany, and Italy, and crossing over Gascony, the Basque territory, and Navarre, stretched away to the far-off Province of Galicia. Then thou didst appear to him and say: ‘This starry path marks out the road for thee to go and delivery my tomb; and all nations shall follow after thee.’ And Charles, crossing the mountains, gave the signal to all Christendom to undertake those great Crusades, which were both the salvation and the glory of the Latin races, by driving back the Mussulman plague to the land of its birth.

Watching the scenes in recent weeks of Muslins pouring into Spain should cause us all to redouble our prayers to St. James – both for Spain, and for all her daughter countries, among which are some of our own United States, most notably Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and California.  As with the secularising Socialist government that currently misrules Spain, we must be careful not to be salt that has lost its savour.

Pictured: Catedral Basílica de Santiago de Compostela

The Immaculate Heart of Mary

Today's Holy Mass from SSPX Australia. You may follow the Mass at Divinum Officium.

The Octave of the Assumption ~ Dom Prosper Guéranger

The Octave of the Assumption


From Dom Prosper Guéranger's Liturgical Year:

He alone who could understand Mary’s holiness could appreciate her glory. But Wisdom, who presided over the formation of the abyss, has not revealed to us the depth of that ocean, beside which all the virtues of the just and all the graces lavished upon them are but streamlets. Nevertheless, the immensity of grace and merit, whereby the Blessed Virgin’s supernatural perfection stands quite apart from all others, gives us a right to conclude that she has an equal supereminence in glory, which is always proportioned to the sanctity of the elect. Whereas all the other predestined of our race are placed among the various ranks of the celestial hierarchy, the holy Mother of God is exalted above all the choirs, forming by herself a distinct order, a new heaven, where the harmonies of Angels and Saints are far surpassed. In Mary, God is more glorified, better known, more loved than in all the rest of the universe. On this ground alone, according to the order of creative Providence, which subordinates the less to the more perfect, Mary is entitled to be Queen of earth and heaven. In this sense, it is for her, next to the Man-God, that the world exists. The great theologian, Cardinal de Lugo, explaining the words of the Saints on this subject, dares to say: “Just as, creating all things in his complacency for his Christ, God made him the end of creatures; so, with due proportion, we may say he drew the rest of the world out of nothing through the love of the Virgin Mother, so that she too might thus be justly called the end of all things.” (De Lugo, De Incarnat. disput. 7:2)

As Mother of God, and at the same time his first-born, she had a right and title over his goods; as Bride she ought to share his crown. “The glorious Virgin,” says St. Bernardine of Sienna, “has as many subjects as the Blessed Trinity has. Every creature, whatever be its rank in creation, spiritual as the Angels, rational as man, material as the heavenly bodies or the elements, heaven and earth, the reprobate and the blessed, all that springs from the power of God is subject to the Virgin. For he who is the Son of God and of the Blessed Virgin, wishing, so to say, to make his Mother’s principality in some sort equal to his Father’s, became, God as he is, the servant of Mary. If then it be true to say that everyone, even the Virgin, obeys God, we may also convert the proposition, and affirm that everyone, even God, obeys the Virgin.” (Bernardine, Sermon V of festiv. B.M., chap 6)

The empire of Eternal Wisdom comprises, so the Holy Spirit tells us, the heavens, the earth, and the abyss: the same then is the appanage of Mary on this her crowning day. Like the divine Wisdom to whom she gave Flesh, she may glory in God. He whose magnificence she once chanted, today exalts her humility. The Blessed one by excellence has become the honor of her people, the admiration of the Saints, the glory of the armies of the Most High. Together with the Spouse, let her, in her beauty, march to victory; let her triumph over the hearts of the mighty and the lowly. The giving of the world’s scepter into her hands is no mere honor void of reality: from this day forward, she commands and fights, protects the Church, defends its head, upholds the ranks of the sacred militia, raises up Saints, directs Apostles, enlightens doctors, exterminates heresy, crushes hell.

Let us hail our Queen, let us sing her mighty deeds; let us be docile to her; above all, let us love her and trust in her love. Let us not fear that, amidst the great interests of the spreading of God’s Kingdom, she will forget our littleness or our miseries. She knows all that takes place in the obscurest corners, in the furthest limits of her immense domain. From her title of universal cause under the Lord, is rightly deduced the universality of her providence; and the masters of doctrine show us Mary in glory sharing in the science called of vision, whereby all that is, has been, or is to be, is present before God. On the other hand, we must believe that her charity could not possibly be defective: as her love of God surpasses the love of all the elect, so the tenderness of all mothers united, centered upon an only child, is nothing to the love wherewith Mary surrounds the least, the most forgotten, the most neglected of all the children of God, who are her children too. She forestalls them in her solicitude, listens at all times to their humble prayers, pursues them in their guilty flights, sustains their weakness, compassionates their ills, whether of body or of soul, sheds upon all men the heavenly favors whereof she is the treasury. Let us then say to her in the words of one of her great servants: “O most holy Mother of God, who hast beautified heaven and earth, in leaving this world thou hast not abandoned man. Here below thou didst live in heaven; from heaven thou conversest with us. Thrice happy those who contemplated thee and lived with the Mother of life! But in the same way as thou didst dwell in the flesh with them of the first age, thou now dwellest with us spiritually. We hear thy voice; and all our voices reach thine ear; and thy continual protection over us makes thy presence evident. Thou dost visit us; thine eye is upon us all; and although our eyes cannot see thee, O most holy One, yet thou art in the midst of us, showing thyself in various ways to whosoever is worthy. Thy immaculate body, come forth from the tomb, hinders not the immaterial power, the most pure activity of that spirit of thine, which, being inseparable from the Holy Ghost, breathes also where it wills. O Mother of God, receive the grateful homage of our joy, and speak for thy children to him who has glorified thee: whatsoever thou askest of him, he will accomplish it by his divine power; may he be blessed forever!” (German. Constantinop. In Dormit. B.M. Oratio I)

Let us honor the group of Martyrs which forms the rear guard of our triumphant Queen. Timothy, who came from Antioch to Rome, Hippolytus, Bishop of Porto, and Symphorian, the glory of Autun, suffered for God at different periods and at different places; but they gathered their palms on the same day of the year and the same heaven is now their above. “My son, my son,” said his valiant mother to Symphorian, “remember life eternal; look up, and see him who reigns in heaven; they are not taking thy life away, but changing it into a better.” Let us admire these heroes of our faith; and let us learn to walk like them, though by less painful paths, in the footsteps of our Lord, and so to rejoice Mary.

PRAYER

We beseech thee, O Lord, to be appeased, and to impart to us thy help: and, by the intercession of Blessed Timothy, Hippolytus, and Symphorian, thy Martyrs, extend over us the right hand of thy mercy. Through our Lord, etc.

The inexhaustible Adam of St. Victor gives us another Sequence for the Assumption; it was sung at Saint Victor on the Octave day.

SEQUENCE

Let us rejoice on this day whereon is celebrated the Assumption of holy Mary; this day, this dear day, when from earth she was translated into heaven with joy.

Exalted above the choirs of Angels, she is set over all the citizens of heaven. She contemplates her Son in his beauty, and prays for all the faithful.

Let us cleanse away our stains, that clean of heart we may take part in her praises; if our minds be in accord with our tongues, her ears will be attentive to our voices.

Let us then praise her with one accord, and in her praise cry out: Hail, full of grace! hail, Virgin Mother of Christ, who didst conceive him by the presence of the Holy Spirit.

Holy Virgin, spotless Virgin, may the music of our voice be pleasing to thee. Bring us help from on high, and after this life’s course, unite us to thy Son.

O thou elect from all eternity, long wast thou hidden in the shell of the letter; of thee as future Mother of Christ, the Prophets foretold in the Script, but in types.

The Mystery was unveiled when the Word made Flesh willed to be born of thee, who in his love did powerfully snatch us from the power of the wicked one.

Thee by the throne of Solomon, thee by the fleece of Gedeon, we believe to be foreshown, and by the bush unburnt, if the ancient Testament we mystically ponder.

On the fleece the dew descending, in the bush the flame resplendent (yet neither hurt thereby), was Christ assuming flesh in thee, yet not destroying thy purity by his birth.

The flower that was to spring from thee, the stem, and benefit the world, Isaias sang; by the flower prefiguring Christ, whose power everlasting neither began nor endeth.

Thou art the reservoir of the fountain of life, thou art a lamp burning and shining; through thee the light supernal on us hath shed its ray; burning with fire of charity, shining with light of chastity, bringing into the world thy Son, the light of supreme brightness.

O gate of our salvation, hear us and comfort us, and from our crooked ways hasten to call us back: we are calling on thee from the abyss, sailing on the sea of the world; from the furious enemy deliver us by thy prayer.

O Jesus our salvation, by the incomparable merit of thy Mother, deign to visit us in this valley with the gift of thy grace. Thou who willest that no one be condemned, grant us to steer our course so straightly through this sea, that after death we may be worthy to be rewarded in thy rest. Amen.

The following prayer is remarkable for the symbolism wherewith it is inspired. It is used at the blessing of medicinal herbs and fruits, given from time immemorial, in certain places, on the day of the Assumption.

PRAYER

O God, who on this day didst raise up to the height of heaven the rod of Jesse, the Mother of thy Son our Lord Jesus Christ, in order that through her prayers and patronage thou mightest communicate to our mortality the same thy Son the fruit of her womb: we humbly beseech thee, that by the power of this thy Son, and by the glorious patronage of his Mother, we may, by the help of these fruits of the earth, be disposed by temporal health for eternal salvation. Through the same Christ our Lord.

But let us close the radiant Octave by hearing Mary herself speak in this beautiful Antiphon, appointed amongst others in certain manuscripts to accompany the Magnificat on the feast. Our Lady there appears, not in her own name alone, but as representing the Church, which begins in her its entrance in body and soul into heaven. The present happiness of the Blessed Virgin is the pledge for us all of the eternal felicity promised us; the triumph of the Mother of God will not be complete until the last of her children has followed her into glory. Let us then join in this prayer so full of sweet love: it is truly worthy to express the feelings of Mary, as she crossed the threshold of her heavenly home.

ANTIPHON

Mary exulted in spirit and said: I bless thee who art Lord over every blessing. I bless the dwelling of thy glory, I bless thee for whom was made a dwelling in my womb, and I bless all the works of thy hands which obey thee in all subjection. I bless thy love wherewith thou hast loved us. I bless all the words that have come forth from thy mouth and are given to us. For I believe in truth that as thou hast said, so shall it be done.

Alleluia.