What is Corporatism?

From PHILO-notes

This video lecture discusses, very briefly, the meaning of corporatism. Transcript of this video lecture is available at: https://philonotes.com/2023/03/what-i...

The Holy Rosary

Saturday, the Glorious Mysteries, in Latin with Cardinal Burke.

The Life of His Majesty the King Louis XVI of France ~ (1754–1793)

From The Romanian Monarchist

Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste; 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy, during the French Revolution. Louis XVI was the husband of Marie Antoinette. The son of Louis, Dauphin of France (son and heir-apparent of King Louis XV), and Maria Josepha of Saxony, Louis became the new Dauphin when his father died in 1765. In 1770, he married Marie Antoinette. He became King of France and Navarre on his grandfather's death on 10 May 1774, and reigned until the abolition of the monarchy on 21 September 1792. From 1791 onwards, he used the style of King of the French, resurrected by the traitorous usurper, Louis-Philippe. The first part of Louis XVI's reign was marked by attempts to reform the French government in accordance with Enlightenment ideas. These included efforts to increase tolerance toward non-Catholics as well as abolish the death penalty for deserters. The French nobility reacted to the proposed reforms with hostility and successfully opposed their implementation. Louis implemented deregulation of the grain market, advocated by his economic liberal minister, Turgot, but it resulted in an increase in bread prices. In periods of bad harvests, it led to food scarcity, which, during a particularly bad harvest in 1775, prompted the masses to revolt. From 1776, Louis XVI actively supported the North American colonists, who were seeking their independence from Great Britain, which was realised in the Treaty of Paris (1783). The ensuing debt and financial crisis contributed to the unpopularity of the Ancien Régime. This led to the convening of the Estates General of 1789. Discontent among the members of France's middle and lower classes resulted in strengthened opposition to the French aristocracy and to the absolute monarchy, of which Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, were representatives. Increasing tensions and violence were marked by events such as the storming of the Bastille, during which riots in Paris forced Louis to definitively recognize the legislative authority of the National Assembly. Louis's indecisiveness and conservatism led some elements of the people of France to view him as a symbol of the perceived tyranny of the Ancien Régime, and his popularity deteriorated progressively. His unsuccessful flight to Varennes in June 1791, four months before the constitutional monarchy was declared, seemed to justify the rumors that the king tied his hopes of political salvation to the prospects of foreign intervention. His credibility was deeply undermined, and the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic became an ever-increasing possibility. The growth of anti-clericalism among revolutionaries resulted in the abolition of the dîme (religious land tax) and several government policies aimed at the dechristianization of France. In a context of civil and international war, Louis XVI was suspended and arrested at the time of the Insurrection of 10 August 1792. One month later, the monarchy was abolished and the French First Republic was proclaimed on 21 September 1792. The former king became a desacralized French citizen, addressed as Citoyen Louis Capet (Citizen Louis Capet) in reference to his ancestor Hugh Capet. Louis was tried by the National Convention (self-instituted as a tribunal for the occasion), found guilty of high treason and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. Louis XVI's death brought an end to more than a thousand years of continuous French monarchy. Both of his sons died in childhood, before the Bourbon Restoration; his only child to reach adulthood, Marie Thérèse, was given over to her Austrian relatives in exchange for French prisoners of war, eventually dying childless in 1851.

Introduction to Moral Philosophy: 6. Moral Reasoning

With Ralph McInerny (R+I+P), PhD, late Professor of Philosophy, Director of the Jacques Maritain Centre, & Michael P. Grace Professor of Medieval Studies, Notre Dame.

A Pilgrimage to the "Small Cells" of St Romuald

The Camaldolese, founded by St Romuald, whose Feast is today, are an eremitical reform of the Benedictine tradition, in an attempt to return to "true Benedictinism".

From Aleteia

By Bret Thomas, OFS

The founder of the Camaldolese Order sought refuge in small cells, as he was convinced that silence was necessary for recollection and large monasteries were too distracting.

St. Louis Romuald (Now: Romualdo) was the founder of the Camaldolese Order and an important figure in 11th-century “eremitical monasticism.” 

He was born in Ravenna in 952 to a noble family. After a bloody family feud involving his father, he entered the monastery of Sant'Apollinare in Classe. He later went to Venice, where he placed himself under the spiritual guidance of the hermit Marino, and met one of the most important reforming monks of the 10th century, Abbot Guarino. 

Then he returned to Ravenna, where he was made abbot. After leaving that role, he began journeying tirelessly founding and reforming monasteries and hermitages up and down the Italian peninsula. 

His rule in evangelization was: quiet tongue and preaching life.  

He frequently sought refuge in small cells, convinced that silence was necessary for recollection and large monasteries were too distracting. This would become a hallmark of his spirituality.

Around 1012, he arrived in the forest of Casentino, in the Tuscan Apennines. Here he met the nobleman from Arezzo, Count Maldolo, who owned land in the ancient forest. Fascinated by the spirituality of Romuald, the count gave him possession of his properties for prayer and contemplation. The name, Camaldoli, derived from the Latin name of the area, Campus Maldoli, the field of Maldolo. 

He set up a monastery near the river. The rule he wrote was similar to the Benedictine Rule. However, in Camaldoli, the distinct dual charism of the new order St. Romuald was founding came to be. 

In Camaldoli, he added a second form of life to the traditional monastic form: that of hermitage. About three kilometers (2 miles), from the monastery, he erected a series of cells. In this, the form of life of the Camaldolese Order consisted of two forms of life: one monastic life whereby monks live in community, the other dedicated to hermitage where hermits spend most of their lives in small cells.

After founding the community of Camaldoli, St. Romuald went to the Marches region, where he lived and died in a small cell on June 19, 1027. He was canonized by Clement VIII in 1595.

Launch the slideshow 

Today, visitors to Camaldoli are rewarded with, first, a lovely panoramic drive through the national park of the Casentino Mountains. Pilgrims can easily visit Laverna, located in the lower Casentini, where St. Francis received the stigmata, and then make their way through the hardwood forest, filled with herds of deer and other wildlife.

Camaldoli is small. There is essentially one street, next to a river, centered around the monastery. Apart from a few restaurants, there is a post office and small police command. 

The monastery complex boasts a large church (renovated during the Baroque era), a guesthouse, an impressive library, and a museum that includes the ancient pharmacy with herbal medicines and medical books from centuries past, when the sick went to the hospital run by the monks seeking cures for the body as well as the soul. There is also a printing press from the Renaissance era.

From the monastery, the hermitage complex is either a short drive or a vigorous 45-minute uphill climb. There is a well-kept walking path, the same one the monks took over the centuries, connecting the two sites. 

Tours of the hermitage are given several times a day during the warm summer months. Visitors can enter one of the cells that consist of an herb garden outside, a surprisingly large room to the left (once a storage area for firewood, though now the cells are heated with gas), small living quarters, and a prayer space. 

The living area consists of a desk, a small bed, and a coat rack for the hermit’s cowl or prayer shawl. There is a slat through which the hermits received their meals in the past; today they gather in the refectory to share meals in common.

The hermitage church is also from the Baroque era and the monks gather once a day for Mass. They still pray the liturgy of the hours solitarily in their cells.

Pictured: Servant of God Cherubin Kozik, Camaldolese monk, martyred by the Nazis, 1942

James Martin Gleefully Told The World The Truth About Pope Leo XIV

Lindisfarne, 793 AD: The Violent Raid That Birthed The Viking Age

From Chronicle - Medieval History 

In 793 AD, the holy island of Lindisfarne was subjected to one of the most infamous Viking raids on Britain. Heathen men plundered the sacred monastery in an event that shook Christian Europe. Dan Snow travels across the tidal causeway to Lindisfarne to discover the rich culture of this holy place before the Vikings raided - a beautiful site of pilgrimage and artistry. He also goes to Jarrow to discover more about the powerful Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria and its great religious and historical writers such as St Bede the Venerable.

Traditional Catholic Morning Prayers in English | February

Traditional Catholic morning prayers -- an excellent way to start your day off strong! The month of February is devoted to the Holy Family -- Jesus, Mary, and St. Joseph. It is my hope that these prayers increase your devotion to Our Lord and His Holy Family. Begin each day with morning prayer! This video is a compilation of many traditional morning prayers Catholics say, and should not be considered a replacement for those who have an obligation to pray the Divine Office morning prayers.

Protestants Pray This Mary Prayer Frequently... It Backfired

From Totus Catholica

The words you reject as "Catholic invention" are actually straight from Luke 1 - word for word. Gabriel greets Mary: "Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with you." Elizabeth blesses her: "Blessed are you among women." These are the exact opening words of the Hail Mary. You've probably sung these verses at Christmas without realising you were speaking the same prayer Catholics pray. So the real question isn't whether the Hail Mary is biblical - it obviously is. The question is whether speaking those biblical words to Mary counts as worship or something else entirely. 📌 The Point: Mary's intercession participates in Christ's mediation as subordinate cooperation, not competition - like asking a living Christian to pray for you, but extended beyond death through the communion of saints. 📖 Core Sources Scripture: Luke 1:28 - Gabriel's greeting: "Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with you" (Greek: kecharitomene - one who has been graced by God in a unique way) Luke 1:42 - Elizabeth filled with the Holy Spirit: "Blessed are you among women and blessed is the fruit of your womb" 1 Timothy 2:5,6 - "There is one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus" - immediately followed by Paul's command that "intercessions" be made for all people Hebrews 12:1 - Saints in heaven "worship God continually" Early Church Evidence: St. Irenaeus (c. 180 AD) - Mary as "new Eve" whose obedience undid the first Eve's disobedience: "What the Virgin Eve had bound fast through unbelief, the Virgin Mary set free through faith" Subtuum Precidium Prayer (c. 250 AD, papyrus fragment from Egypt housed in Manchester) - Christians addressed Mary as Theotokos (mother of God) asking for her protection - shows Marian intercession invoked nearly two centuries before Council of Ephesus (431 AD) Catholic Teaching: CCC 495 - Calling Mary "mother of God" affirms that the child she bore is truly divine, one person with both divine and human natures CCC 956 - The communion of saints is not broken by death; those in heaven continue to intercede for the Church on earth CCC 2676 - Marian prayer flows from Mary's closeness to Christ, not from any power she possesses independently Vatican II, Lumen Gentium - "Mary's maternal role in salvation flows forth from the superabundance of the merits of Christ, rests on his mediation, depends entirely on it, and draws all its power from it" Three Levels of Honour (Safeguards Against Idolatry): Latria (adoration) belongs to God alone Dulia (veneration) is the respect given to saints Hyperdulia (special honour) is given to Mary because of her unique role as mother of God 📺 Chapters 0:00 - You've Been Praying This Mary Prayer Every Sunday (Luke 1:28, 1:42) 0:44 - The Real Question: Worship or Something Else Entirely? 2:14 - Scripture & the Early Church: Gabriel, Elizabeth, and Irenaeus 3:40 - The Church's Teaching: Latria, Dulia, Hyperdulia (Three Levels) 5:46 - Objection: "There Is One Mediator" (1 Timothy 2v5) 6:38 - Second Objection: "Not Explicitly Commanded in Scripture" 7:08 - Conclusion: Every Prayer to Mary Is Ultimately a Prayer Through Mary to Her Son 🌐 Connect 📿 https://totuscatholica.org/rosary 🌍 https://totuscatholica.org/ ✉️ https://totuscatholica.org/contact 🔍 https://catholicexaminationofconscien... 💬 Question If Gabriel's greeting to Mary ("Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with you") and Elizabeth's blessing ("Blessed are you among women") are found in Luke 1 - which every Christian reads - how is the Hail Mary a "Catholic invention" rather than a biblical meditation? Does asking Mary to pray for you violate Christ's unique mediation, or does it participate in it like asking any living Christian to intercede?