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What Is “Just War Theory”?
Until Magnifica Humanitas, it was the immemorial teaching of the Church, but "Leo's Magisterium" has changed that, just as Francis did with the death penalty.
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From Aleteia
By Anna Krestyn
Morality doesn’t disappear because one is engaged in war
Catholic teaching grounds its theory of just war within the context of earthly peace as a great good to be prized and worked for. Peace, the Catechism reminds us, “is not merely the absence of war, and it is not limited to maintaining a balance of powers between adversaries. Peace cannot be attained on earth without safeguarding the goods of persons, free communication among men, respect for the dignity of persons and peoples, and the assiduous practice of fraternity” (CCC 2304). Given that war always involves grave consequences, the reasons for its justification must be seriously discerned. This justification is limited by the following conditions given by the Catholic Church for the legitimate exercise of force:
- the damage inflicted by the aggressor on the nation or community of nations must be lasting, grave, and certain;
- all other means of putting an end to it must have been shown to be impractical or ineffective;
- there must be serious prospects of success
- the use of arms must not produce evils and disorders graver than the evil to be eliminated. The power of modern means of destruction weighs very heavily in evaluating this condition" [CCC 2309].
Determining if these conditions are present belongs to “the prudential judgment of those who have responsibility for the common good.” The Church, while respecting those who serve the defense of their nation for the maintenance of peace, warns against an “anything goes” attitude in times of war. This attitude has become especially dangerous in light of the vast destructive capabilities of modern warfare.
Actions which are crimes because they are “deliberately contrary to the law of nations and to its universal principles” include:
- cruel treatment of non-combatants, wounded soldiers, and prisoners;
- genocide of a people, nation or ethnic minorities;
- indiscriminate destruction of whole cities or vast areas with their inhabitants.
The Church recognizes that “insofar as men are sinners, the threat of war hangs over them and will so continue until Christ comes again,” but also that insofar as charity dissolves the hatred in human hearts, violence will give way to peace.
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How Many Popes Are Canonized Saints?
One of them is St Anacletus, who, until Bugnini's deforms of 1960, was celebrated today. And the last two are questionable at best.
From Aleteia
By Larry Peterson
About a third of the Successors to Peter have been formally raised to the altars, which is to say, have been canonized as official saints.Of the popes we've had since St. Peter, 82 have been recognized universally as canonized saints. Every one of the first 35 popes was canonized; 31 of them were martyrs.
When Paul VI was canonized in 2018, he became the 82nd canonized pope. Prior to his canonization, the most recent to have been canonized were Popes John XXIII and John Paul II, in 2014. Most recently, Pope John Paul I was beatified in 2022, which is one step away from canonization. Pius XII was declared venerable in 2009.
Only 8 since the 11th century
Interestingly, of these 82 saints, only eight have been canonized since the 11th century. Regarding that number, we should remember that during the Church’s first 1,000 years, there was very little formal process in place for the canonization of a saint.
Those eight are:
After the first millennium, the Church began to develop an orderly process for determining the qualifications of those presented for sainthood. On July 4, 973, Pope Benedict VI canonized Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg. St. Ulrich thus became the first person canonized by a pope.
In the year 1243, Pope Gregory IX affirmed that only the pope had the authority to declare someone a saint. This is still true today, though it should be noted the pope's special role in a type of canonization, called “equivalent canonization,” when a pope simply confirms a devotion to a saint who is already well-established in the Church. This equivalent canonization was the case of the Jesuit Pierre Faber (1506-1546) recognized by Pope Francis in 2013, or of Hildegard of Bingen, recognized by Pope Benedict XVI.
The 1917 Code of Canon Law stated that a cause for sainthood could not open until 50 years after the candidate's death. Pope John Paul II shortened that time frame to five years. On occasion, that time period can be skipped or shortened, as Benedict XVI did when Pope John Paul II passed away.
The average waiting time for a person to be canonized after death has been around 180 years. Pope St. John Paul II was canonized just nine years after his death.
Remarkable popes
Let us meet some of the popes who have been canonized and who have stood tall throughout the centuries protecting, and many times dying in defense of, the Church founded by Christ Himself.