The Bogd Khan or Holy Emperor was the last monarch of the Mongol Empire. He was born in Tibet in 1869 and was later recognized as the reincarnation of the Bogd Gegeen, the "Holy Shining One", spiritual leader of Mongolia and the 3rd ranking lama of Tibetan Buddhism. He went to Mongolia and was invested as the 8th Jebbtsundamba Khutugtu. When the Qing Dynasty collapsed Mongolia declared independence at the Bogd Gegeen was enthroned as the Bogd Khan on December 29, 1911.
The Republic of China refused to recognize Mongol independence and Chinese republican troops occupied Mongolia and held the Bogd Khan under house arrest. in 1919. In 1921 the White Russian warlord Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg invaded Mongolia with his army, rallied pan-Mongol sympathizers and drove the Chinese out of Mongolia, liberating the Bogd Khan and putting him back on the throne. After the Baron was defeated the pro-Soviet communist Damdin Sükhbaatar took power from the Bogd Khan and turned Mongolia into a communist satellite of the USSR. The Bogd Khan was allowed to stay on the throne but with no power until his death in 1924. After his death, the Communist government tried to destroy all religion in Mongolia but the reincarnation of the Bogd Khan was later found. He has since been enthroned in Mongolia by the Dalai Lama but because of opposition from the Mongolian communist party is forced to still live in India. Although he was a lama, as a temporal monarch as well the Bogd Khan had a queen, named Dondogdulam and known as Ekh Dagina (Dakini Mother). She died in 1923.From The Mad Monarchist (19 February 2012)
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